Liiska penicillins: Isticmaalka, sumadaha guud, iyo macluumaadka badbaadada

Macluumaadka Daroogada

Penicillin waxaa helay 1928 Alexander Fleming, oo ah Scottish microbiologist iyo dhakhtar. Waxaa loogu magac daray ka dib Caaryada Penicillium markii Fleming uu ogaaday in caaryadu muujisay astaamo lidka bakteeriyada. Soo saarista penicillin waxay hadhow beddeli doontaa dunida dawada oo ah tii ugu horreysay ee antibiyootiko run ah. Maanta, waxaa jira dhowr nooc oo ah penicillins la soo saaray si loogu daaweeyo infekshannada bakteeriyada.

Akhriso si aad waxbadan uga ogaato qeybta antibiyootikada ee penicillins, sida loo isticmaalo, iyo dhibaatooyinka ay keeni karaan.

Liiska penicillins
Magaca sumadda (magaca guud)	Celceliska qiimaha lacagta	Qiimaha SingleCare	Wax dheeri ah baro
Amoxil (amoxicillin)	$ 23.99 20, 250 kiniin mg	Soo qaado rasiidhada amoxicillin	Faahfaahinta Amoxicillin
Augmentin (amoxicillin / clavulanate)	$ 72.99 $ 20, 500-125 mg kiniin ah	Soo qaado rasiidh amoxicillin / clavulanate ah	Faahfaahinta Amoxicillin / clavulanate
Unasyn (ampicillin / sulbactam)	$ 110.36 halkii 16, 3 (2-1) xm gm dib ayaa loo dhisay	Soo qaado rasiidh ampicillin / sulbactam ah	Faahfaahinta Ampicillin / sulbactam
Dycill (dicloxacillin)	$ 103.99 $ 40, 500 mg kaabsal	Hel rasiidh dicloxacillin ah	Faahfaahinta Dicloxacillin
Bactocill (oxacillin)	$ 104 10kiiba 10, 1 gm xal ayaa dib loo dhisaa	Soo qaado rasiidhada oxacillin	Faahfaahinta Oxacillin
Qalinka VK (penicillin V potassium)	$ 40.67 halkii 28, 500 mg kiniin ah	Soo qaado rasiidhyada loo yaqaan 'penicillin V potassium'	Faahfaahinta Penicillin V potassium
Pfizerpen (penicillin G potassium)	$ 47 halkii 1, 5000000 xalka qaybta dib ayaa loo dhisey	Soo qaado rasiidhyada loo yaqaan 'penicillin G potassium'	Faahfaahinta Penicillin G potassium

Waxyaabaha kale ee penicillins-ka waxaa ka mid ah:

• Pipracil (piperacillin)
• Zosyn (piperacillin iyo tazobactam)
• Timentin (ticarcillin iyo clavulanate)
• Ticar (ticarcillin)
• Geocillin (carbenicillin)
• Permapen (penicillin G benzathine)
• Nallpen (nafcillin)
• Floxapen (flucloxacillin)
• Natacillin (hetacillin)
• Mezlin (mezlocillin)

Waa maxay penicillin?

Penicillin waxay ka tirsan tahay koox ka mid ah antibiyootikada kuwaas oo badanaa loo qoro in lagu daaweeyo infekshannada bakteeriyada. Penicillins waa qayb ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee antibiyootigyada loo yaqaan antibiyootikada beta-lactam . Antibiyootigyadani waxay ka kooban yihiin giraan beta-lactam oo qayb ka ah qaab dhismeedka kiimikada. Penicillins waxay leedahay firfircooni antimicrobial oo xoog leh oo ka dhan ah noocyo badan oo bakteeriyo ah. Waxaa loo maamuli karaa sida kaniiniyada afka, kaabsoolayaasha afka, hakin dareere ah, iyo cirbadaha xididka (IV).

Sidee buu u shaqeeyaa penicillin?

Penicillin waxay ku shaqeysaa iyadoo ka hortageysa awooda bakteeriyada inay ku ilaaliso darbiga unugooda. Ku gidaarka unugyada bakteeriyada waa qaab dhismeed muhiim ah oo ka kooban maaddooyinka loo yaqaan peptidoglycan oo ka caawiya unugyada inay ilaashadaan qaabkooda. Darbigooda unugyadooda la'aanteed, bakteeriyadu ma noolaan karto, taasoo keenta inuu dillaaco (lysis) iyo dhimashada unugyada. Sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah u dilaan bakteeriyada, penicillins waxaa loo tixgeliyaa antibiyootikada bakteeriyada. Penicillins ayaa guud ahaan waxtar u leh bakteeriyada gram-positive, laakiin penicillins kala duwan ayaa beegsan kara noocyada kale ee bakteeriyada.

Maxaa loo isticmaalaa penicillin?

Penicillin waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu daaweeyo infekshinka bakteeriyada ee dhagaha, sanka, iyo cunaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in lagu daaweeyo infekshinka bakteeriyada ee sanka, maqaarka, mareenka hoose ee neef mareenka, caloosha, xiidmaha, kilyaha, iyo kaadi haysta. Penicillin waa in loo isticmaalo oo keliya in lagu daaweeyo infekshannada ay sababaan bakteeriyada u nugul ilaa penicillins.

Penicillin waxay kaloo daaweyn kartaa waxyaabaha soo socda:

• Qoorgooyaha
• Cudurka 'Endocarditis'
• Burunkiito
• Jabtada
• Waraabow

Penicillin wuxuu waxtar u yeelan karaa dhowr nooc oo bakteeriyo ah oo ay ka mid yihiin:

• Listeria
• Neisseria
• Shigella
• Salmonella
• Klebsiella
• E. coli
• H. hargab
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Bakteeriyada jilicsan

Noocyada penicillin

Penicillins-ka dabiiciga ah

Penicillins-ka dabiiciga ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay penicillin G-like antibiotics, oo ay ku jiraan penicillin V potassium. Penicillins-ku waxay ka mid ahaayeen antibiyootigyadii ugu horreeyay ee abid loo isticmaalo daaweynta jeermiska jeermiska. Waxay ku shaqeeyaan iyagoo xakameynaya isku-darka darbiga unugyada si ay u dilaan bakteeriyada, waxayna ugu horreyn wax ku ool u yihiin bakteeriyada gram-positive iyo qaar bakteeriyada gram-negative ah. Penicillins-ka dabiiciga ah waxaa ka mid ah penicillin G iyo penicillin V.

Aminopenicillins

Sida penicillins-ka dabiiciga ah, aminopenicillins waxay ku shaqeysaa iyadoo laga hortagayo isku-darka unugyada unugyada bakteeriyada. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxay bartilmaameedsan karaan bakteeriyada ballaaran; aminopenicillins waxay wax ku ool u yihiin inta badan bakteeriyada-gram-positive, enterococci, iyo qaar ka mid ah bacilli-gram-negative, sida H. influenzae iyo E. coli. Aminopenicillins guud ahaan waxaa lagu daraa beta-lactamase inhibitor sida clavulanate ama sulbactam si looga dhigo kuwo waxtar badan. Tusaalooyinka waxaa ka mid ah ampicillin, amoxicillin, iyo hetacillin.

Ballaaran-nooc (antipseudomonal) penicillins

Ballaaran, ama 'antipseudomonal', penicillins waa koox ka mid ah antibiyootikada penicillin ee leh waxqabadka bakteeriyada la midka ah aminopenicillins oo lagu daray waxqabad dheeri ah oo ka dhan ah Pseudomonas iyo noocyo gaar ah oo ka mid ah noocyada Enterobacter iyo Serratia. Sida penicillins kale, penicillins antipseudomonal penicillins waxaa caadi ahaan lagu qaataa beta-lactamase inhibitors. Penicillins-ka 'Antipseudomonal penicillins' waxaa badanaa la siiyaa fasal kale oo antibiyootig ah oo la yiraahdo aminoglycosides si loogu daaweeyo infekshannada uu sababo 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa'. Tusaale ahaan penicillins-ka antipseudomonal penicillins waxaa ka mid ah piperacillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, iyo mezlocillin.

Beta-lactamase joojiyeyaasha

Bakteeriyada qaarkood waxay soosaartaa beta-lactamase, enzyme oo firfircoonida antibayootikada beta-lactam. Beta-lactamase inhibitors waa nooc daawo ah oo la dagaallama iska caabbinta bakteeriyada ee anti-beta-lactam antibiotics. Guud ahaan waxaa lagu daraa antibayootikada penicillin-ka si looga hortago in penicillin uu burburo, taas oo ka caawinaysa kordhinta waxtarkeeda. Beta-lactamase inhibitors ma laha wax dhaqdhaqaaq lidka bakteeriyada ah marka keli loo isticmaalo. Tusaalooyinka waxaa ka mid ah clavulanate (ama clavulanic acid), sulbactam, iyo tazobactam.

Penicillinase u adkaysta penicillins

Penicillins-ka u adkaysta Penicillinase waa koox ka mid ah penicillins kuwaas oo ugu horayn loo isticmaalo in lagu daaweeyo penicillinase-soosaarida methicillin-xasaasi ah Staphylococcus aureus. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa in lagu daaweeyo Streptococcus pneumoniae iyo kooxda infekshinka streptococcal, iyo sidoo kale noocyada qaar ee cudurada staphylococcal ee methicillin-xasaasiga ah. Noocyada iska caabinta ee bakteeriyadan waxay soo saaraan enzme loo yaqaan penicillinase, oo hawlgalin kara antibayootikada penicillin. Tusaalooyinka penicillinase-u adkaysta penicillins waxaa ka mid ah oxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, flucloxacillin, iyo cloxacillin.

Ayaa qaadan kara penicillin?

Dadka waaweyn

Penicillin waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu daaweeyo infekshannada bakteeriyada ee dadka waaweyn. Qiyaasta daawadu way kala duwan tahay waxayna kuxirantahay nooca penicillin iyo sameynta loo isticmaalay. Dadka qaangaarka ah, qiyaasaha penicillin waxaa caadi ahaan lagu cabiraa milligram.

Caruurta

Penicillin waa mid ka mid ah antibiyootikada ugu badan ee loo qoro carruurta. Infekshanno badan oo caan ah oo carruurnimada ku dhaca oo saameeya dhegaha, sanka, iyo cunaha ayaa badiyaa lagu daaweeyaa antibayootikada penicillin. Hareeraha 10% ee carruurta ayaa laga helay xasaasiyadda penicillin, in kastoo carruurta badankood ee laga helo a xasaasiyad run ah ilaa antibiyootigga. Tusaale ahaan, waxyeelada caloosha iyo mindhicirka looma arko xasaasiyad run ah. Carruurta, qiyaasta penicillin waxaa sida caadiga ah lagu xisaabiyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo milligram halkii kiilo ee miisaanka jirka.

Penicillin ma nabad qabaa?

Penicillin guud ahaan waa u badbaado daaweynta cudurada faafa markii lagu siiyo qadar ku haboon. Qiyaaso badan oo penicillin ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay keento sunta nidaamka neerfaha , oo u muuqan kara suuxdin. Khatarta sunta habka dhexe ee neerfaha ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka sarreyso dadka qaba kelyaha, ama kelyaha, dhibaatooyinka.

Marar dhif ah, penicillin wuxuu sababi karaa fal-celin anaphylactic. Penicillin waa in laga fogaadaa shakhsiyaadka leh taariikh dareen-celin xasaasiyadeed ee penicillin. Astaamaha anafilasigis waxaa ka mid ah finan, cuncun, barar, iyo dhibaato neefsashada ah. Dareen-celinta Anaphylactic waxay u baahan tahay daryeel caafimaad oo degdeg ah. Kuwa taariikhda xasaasiyadda ku leh penicillin sidoo kale waa inay iska ilaaliyaan qaadashada waxyaabaha laga helo penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, iyo monobactam antibiotics.

Xaaladaha halka beddelka antibiyootikada nooca penicillin uusan ku habboonayn, bukaanku wuxuu mari karaa baaritaanka maqaarka si loo qiimeeyo jiritaanka falcelinta xasaasiyadda ee penicillin. Haddii baaritaanka maqaarku yahay mid togan, a habka miyir beelidda waxaa loo bilaabi karaa in si tartiib ah loo maamulo antibiyootigga ilaa uu u dulqaato oo waxtar yeesho.

Penicillin ayaa dib u xasuusata

Ma jiraan wax xusuus ah oo penicillin ah oo hadda la xasuusto laga bilaabo Febraayo 2021.

Xayiraadaha Penicillin

Penicillin looma isticmaalo in lagu daaweeyo infekshannada ay sababaan fayrasyada ama fungi. Si looga hortago antibiyootikada, penicillin waa in loo isticmaalaa oo kaliya in lagu daaweeyo infekshannada bakteeriyada ee u nugul penicillin. Penicillin waa in loo isticmaalaa oo keliya warqad dhaqtar oo dhakhtar kuu qoray. Qiyaasta penicillin waxay ubaahantahay in laxakameeyo ama layareeyo bukaanada qaba dhibaatooyinka kalyaha daran.

Ma qaadan kartaa penicillin inta aad uurka leedahay ama aad naas nuujineyso?

Penicillin guud ahaan waa badbaado in la isticmaalo xilliga uurka iyo naasnuujinta. Daraasadaha lagu sameeyay xayawaanku ma muujin in penicillins-ka uu leeyahay halista waxyeelo u gaysata uurjiifka. Penicillin G waa antibiyootiko wax ku ool ah oo ka hortagga gudbinta waraabowga hooyada ilaa uurjiifka. Bixiye daryeel caafimaad waa in lagala tashadaa daaweynta ku habboon antibiyootikada inta lagu jiro uurka ama naas nuujinta.

Ma yihiin maaddooyinka penicillins-ka la xakameeyo?

Maya, penicillin ma aha walax la xakameeyo.

Waxyeelada dawada penicillin ee guud

Waxyeellooyinka ugu badan ee penicillins-ka waxaa ka mid ah:

• Shuban
• Lallabbo
• Matagid
• Calool xanaaq
• Calool xanuun
• Finan maqaarka ah
• Cuncun
• Hilib
• Nabarro cad ama madow oo ku yaal carrabka ama afka
• Dareenka goobta duritaanka sida casaanka, cuncunka, iyo bararka (marka dawada antibiyootigga lagu qaato marinka xididka)

Dhibaatooyinka halista ah ee penicillins-ka waxaa ka mid noqon kara:

• Sunta nidaamka neerfaha
• Caabuq ku dhaca kilyaha
• Tirinta unugyada dhiigga oo hooseeya
• Heerarka platelet-ka oo hooseeya
• Clostridioides shuban-biyood dhib badan

Tirinta unugyada dhiiga cad oo hooseeya, ama leukopenia, waa saameyn guud oo aan caadi aheyn oo nafcillin ah. Qiyaaso badan oo penicillin ah oo lagaa siiyo xididada dhiigga ayaa sababi kara heerarka platelet-ka oo hooseeya, taas oo kordhin karta halista dhiig-baxa.

Penicillin waxay beddeli kartaa koritaanka bakteeriyada caadiga ah ee xiidanka waxayna sababi kartaa baddalidda bakteeriyada la yiraahdo Clostridioides oo dhib badan (hore loo yiqiin Clostridium adag ). Bakteeriyada noocan ahi waxay sababi kartaa colitis pseudomembranous, ama barar ku dhaca xiidanka, iyo shuban daran. In kasta oo shuban fudud uu caan ku yahay antibiyootikada, bixiye daryeel caafimaad waa in lala xiriiraa haddii shuban daran uu soo baxo ka dib isticmaalka penicillin.

Penicillins sida ticarcillin iyo carbenicillin ayaa u baahan kara in laga fogaado ama lala socdo bukaanada qaba dhibaatooyinka wadnaha ama kilyaha. Noocyada penicillins-ka waxay sababi karaan heerarka soodhiyamka ee dhiigga ku jira.

Waa imisa qiimaha penicillin?

Qaar badan oo ka mid ah antibiyootikada penicillin ayaa lagu heli karaa noocyada guud. Nooca guud ee antibiyootigga guud ahaan wuu ka jaban yahay magaca astaanta iyadoo si isku mid ah waxtar u leh. Antibiyootikada Penicillin sidoo kale waxaa daboola inta badan Medicare iyo qorshayaasha caymiska. Celceliska qiimaha tafaariiqda ee penicillin V potassium wuxuu noqon karaa $ 40 iyadoo kuxiran qiyaasta loo qoray.

Bukaanku waxay awoodi karaan inay ku keydsadaan antibiyootikada penicillin barnaamijyada keydinta kala duwan ee shirkadaha iyo farmashiyaasha. Kaararka lacag dhimista ayaa sidoo kale la heli karaa si loo yareeyo qiimaha dawada penicillin.